Redox reactions of group VII elements – halogens as oxidising agents (reactions with bromides, iodides, Fe2+, and sulfites).
Displacement reactions of metals (Zn with Cu2+, Mg with Cu 2+ ).

Tests for anions in aqueous solutions: chloride, carbonate, nitrate,
sulfate, phosphate, sulfite, hydrogencarbonate.

Determination of the relative molecular mass of a volatile liquid (conical flask or gas syringe may be used).

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4.1

Preparation of a standard solution of sodium carbonate.

4.2

Standardisation of a hydrochloric acid solution using a standard solution of sodium carbonate.

4.2a

A hydrochloric acid/sodium hydroxide titration and the use of this titration in making the salt sodium chloride (Ordinary level only)

4.3

Determination of the concentration of ethanoic acid in vinegar.

4.4

Determination of the amount of water of crystallisation in hydrated sodium carbonate.

4.5

A potassium manganate(VII)/ammonium iron(II) sulfate titration.

4.6

Determination of the amount of iron in an iron tablet.

4.7

An iodine/thiosulfate titration.

4.8

Determination of the percentage (w/v) of hypochlorite in bleach.

Determination of the heat of reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide.

5.2

Preparation and properties of ethyne (combustion, tests for unsaturation using bromine water and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution)

Monitoring the rate of production of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide using manganese dioxide as a catalyst.

6.2

Studying the effects on the reaction rate of (i) concentration and (ii)
temperature, using sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid.

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7.1

Recrystallisation of benzoic acid and determination of its melting point.

7.2

Preparation of soap.

7.3

Preparation and properties of ethene (combustion and tests for unsaturation using bromine water and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution).

7.4

Preparation and properties of ethanal (properties limited to reactions with: (i) acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution, (ii) Fehling’s reagent and (iii) ammoniacal silver nitrate).

7.5

Preparation and properties of ethanoic acid (properties limited to reactions with (i) sodium carbonate, (ii) magnesium and (iii) ethanol).

7.6

Extraction of clove oil from cloves (or similar alternative) by steam distillation.

7.7

Separation of a mixture of indicators using paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography or column chromatography.

Simple experiments to illustrate Le Chatelier’s Principle:
(i) to illustrate the effects of both temperature and concentration changes on an equilibrium mixture.
(ii) to demonstrate the effects of concentration changes on an equilibrium mixture.
(iii) to demonstrate the effects of concentration changes on an equilibrium mixture.

Colorimetric experiment to estimate free chlorine in swimming pool water or bleach (using a colorimeter or comparator).

Determination of total suspended and total dissolved solids (expressed as p.p.m.) by filtration and evaporation respectively. Determination of pH.

9.3

Estimation of total hardness using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta). (Balanced ionic equation required.)

9.4

Estimation of dissolved oxygen by redox titration.